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this video shows the combined lessons

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learned of crew interior access to the

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Apollo shuttle and constellation

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spacecraft at the pad using mock-ups and

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design visualization tools it is

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possible to identify costly issues with

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the pad interface early in the

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development cycle green screen video was

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generated of tests performed by the

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flight and emergency crew and especially

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build crew access our mock-up it was

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then combined with 3d models to

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visualize the scenarios at the pad crew

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access to manned spacecraft is normally

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established at the pad after roll up an

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environmental chamber commonly called a

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white room is needed to protect the

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vehicle cleanliness here's the shuttle

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white room interface the orbiter crew

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access arm interface relies on the

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geometry of the integrated stack and

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presses an inflatable dock seal against

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the side of the vehicle the orbiter skin

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is relatively durable incapable of

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absorbing surface friction associated

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with the inflatable dog seal here's how

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Apollo managed the interface Apollo's

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interface used a remotely operated clamp

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that removed any gaps for the crew to

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crew access arm connection in the case

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of this vehicle the seal is mechanically

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attached to the spacecraft no threaded

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fasteners should be required during

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launch countdown or crew egress any

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steps required to build this interface

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must also account for fall hazards

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weather and relative movement of the

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vehicle and white room often this task

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has to be performed during a scrub

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turnaround where the launch has been

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canceled due to inclement weather and

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the crew cannot leave until access is

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established access to service panels

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needs to be accounted for in the

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interface design the crew access arm

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design provides environmental protection

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to the interior of the spacecraft if

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needed several types of requirements

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have driven previous designs including

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spacecraft cleanliness levels humidity

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that can cause condensation on critical

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components precipitation which is a

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particular concern at the spacecraft CIA

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interface seal during high winds and

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inclement weather oxygen deficiency in

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confined spaces that may result from

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spacecraft purges the crew access arm

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should remotely attached to the vehicle

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structure during Apollo a strong

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interface was achieved by attaching a

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compliant portion of the crew access arm

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directly to the spacecraft structure a

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remotely operated clamp located on the

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roof of the crew access on white room

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engage the vehicle at the base of the

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launch escape system relative motion was

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absorbed within the crew access arm

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rather than at the interface the

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remotely operated clamp also permitted

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firing room personnel to connect to the

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vehicle during an emergency while the

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crew focused on hatch operations a key

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factor that needs to be resolved early

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in the design process is how the crew

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access arm will attach to the spacecraft

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itself in general the goal of attaching

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the vehicle to the crew access arm is to

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eliminate the relative motion between

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the two assemblies and allow a better

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chance of achieving the desired

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environmental seal at the inner

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face however this must be done without

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crew ingress access and the vehicle

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should be designed to minimize any

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damage or contamination to hatch seals

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or mechanisms in this case a diving

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board is used crew access for manned

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spacecraft is a secondary concern for

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designers compared to on-orbit vehicle

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performance however the components

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impacted by crew egress are substantial

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and include the crew hatch the outer

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surfaces the launch abort system and all

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crew equipment that could impede escape

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assisted emergency egress the vehicle

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and pad designs need to support rapid

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removal of crew that are incapacitated

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during emergency egress hatch size must

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not only accommodate crew and cargo but

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rescue and breathing equipment used by

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emergency personnel the ability of a

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crew to rapidly exit their spacecraft

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and escape the pad emergency is perhaps

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the strongest driver in the crew access

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arm design crews should be oriented with

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their heads toward the hatch if possible

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in some cases special equipment is

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required to assist the rescue team the

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vehicle geometry impairs extraction of

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injured crew events such as the Apollo 1

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pad fire elevate the importance of a

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coordinated solution that allows the

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crew to get out of the vehicle rapidly

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without penalizing on-orbit capability

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several design details can significantly

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improve emergency extraction times such

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as rapid release flight crew equipment

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suits with handles built in and cabin

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layouts to provide emergency personnel

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with working volume around the crew

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seats flight suits and breathing

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apparatus worn by the emergency rescue

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personnel should be considered when

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planning minimum space requirements of

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interior compartments to ensure no

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obstacles impede the crew careful

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attention must also be paid to the

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egress route in order to remove

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incapacitated or injured crew from the

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crew compartment and away from the

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vehicle support equipment must be

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designed to minimize interference with

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unassisted emergency egress in

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situations where the crew must egress

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without assistance handrails and

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footholds are critical for quickly

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crossing the gap between the vehicle and

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white room tools should not be required

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to enable crew egress the limited

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mobility within a crew suit increases

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the need for mobility aids within the

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vehicle and at the edge of the white

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room this egress method and landing are

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the two primary driving cases for

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placement of handles around the hatch

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area vehicle perch design should

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minimize over pressure required at the

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crew access arm vehicle interface purged

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areas of the spacecraft must include a

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recovery plan for loss of perch in other

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words what happens if the perch is lost

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or the mission is scrubbed the kse

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mock-up team has presented a series of

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design considerations or crew

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compartment access this area is right

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for new and innovative approaches

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particularly if the workers that will be

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using the hardware and the emergency

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personnel to protect the crew are

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involved early in the design process